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Pharmaceutics-I Book Book B.Pharm 1st Semester, Authors: Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma Dr. Shilpa P. Chaudhari & Dr. Santanu Mallik, THAKUR PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD
Pharmaceutics-I Book Book B.Pharm 1st Semester, Authors: Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma Dr. Shilpa P. Chaudhari & Dr. Santanu Mallik, THAKUR PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD
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The PCI B.Pharm First semester Pharmaceutics-I book is a comprehensive guide for students pursuing a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree in India. The book covers the fundamental principles of pharmaceutics, including the design, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products.
Pharmaceutics-I book provides students with a solid foundation in the principles of pharmaceutics, preparing them for further studies in the field of pharmacy and a career in the pharmaceutical industry.
| As per approved syllabus of P.C.I. |
| Written by Experienced Authors |
| Fast & All India Delivery |
Contents
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Unit 1
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Chapter 1: History of Pharmacy and Pharmacopoeias
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1.1.
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Historical Background and Development of Pharmacy Profession in India
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15
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1.1.1.
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Pharmacy Profession in Relation to Pharmacy Education
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15
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1.1.2.
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Pharmacy Profession in India in Relation to Industry
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18
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1.1.3.
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Pharmacy Profession in India in Relation to Organisation
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20
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1.2.
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Pharmacy as a Career
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22
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1.3.
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Pharmacopoeia
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24
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1.3.1.
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Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
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24
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1.3.2.
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British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
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26
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1.3.3.
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United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
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28
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1.3.4.
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National Formulary
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29
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1.3.5.
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Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale)
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30
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1.4.
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Exercise
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31
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Chapter 2: Dosage Forms, Prescription, and Posology
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2.1.
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Introduction to Dosage Forms
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32
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2.1.1.
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Classification of Dosage Forms
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32
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2.1.1.1.
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Based on Physical State
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32
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2.1.1.2.
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Based on Routes of Drug Administration
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33
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2.1.2.
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Definitions of Dosage Form
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34
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2.2.
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Prescription
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38
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2.2.1.
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Definition
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38
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2.2.2.
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Types of Prescription
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38
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2.2.3.
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Parts of Prescription
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39
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2.2.4.
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Example of a Typical Prescription
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40
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2.2.5.
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Handling of Prescription
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41
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2.2.6.
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Errors in Prescription
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43
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2.3.
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Posology
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45
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2.3.1.
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Definition
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45
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2.3.2.
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Factors Affecting Posology
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45
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2.3.3.
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Paediatric Dose Calculations
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46
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2.3.4.
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Dose Calculations Based on Age
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47
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2.3.5.
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Dose Calculations Based on Body Weight
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48
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2.3.6.
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Dose Calculations Based on Body Surface Area
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48
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2.4.
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Exercise
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49
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Unit 2
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Chapter 3: Pharmaceutical Calculations
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3.1.
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Weights and Measures
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52
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3.1.1.
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Imperial System
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52
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3.1.2.
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Metric System
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53
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3.2.
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Calculations Involving Percentage Solutions
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55
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3.2.1.
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Weight in Volume Solutions (%w/v)
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56
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3.2.2.
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Weight in Weight Solutions (%w/w)
|
57
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3.2.3.
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Volume by Volume Solutions (%v/v)
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57
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3.3.
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Alligation Method
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58
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3.4.
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Proof Spirit
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61
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3.5.
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Isotonic Solutions
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62
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3.5.1.
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Freezing Point Method
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62
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3.5.2.
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Molecular Weight Method
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63
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3.6.
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Exercise
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65
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Chapter 4: Powders
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4.1.
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Powders
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68
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4.1.1.
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Definition
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68
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4.1.2.
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Advantages of Powders
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68
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4.1.3.
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Disadvantages of Powders
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69
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4.2.
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Classification of Powders
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69
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4.2.1.
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Bulk Powder for Internal Use
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69
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4.2.2.
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Bulk Powder for External Use
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69
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4.2.3.
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Simple and Compound Powder for Internal Use
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70
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4.2.3.1.
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Simple Powder
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70
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4.2.3.2.
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Compound Powders
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71
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4.2.4.
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Powders Enclosed in Cachets and Capsules
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71
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4.2.5.
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Compressed Powders (Tablet Triturates or Moulded Tablets)
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71
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4.3.
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Dusting Powders
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72
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4.4.
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Effervescent Powders
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73
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4.5.
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Efflorescent Powders
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75
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4.6.
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Hygroscopic Powders
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75
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4.7.
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Eutectic Mixtures
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76
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4.8.
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Mixing of Powders
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76
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4.8.1.
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Spatulation
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76
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4.8.2.
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Trituration
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77
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4.8.3.
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Geometric Dilutions
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77
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4.8.4.
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Sifting
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77
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4.8.5.
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Tumbling
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77
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4.9.
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Exercise
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78
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Chapter 5: Liquid Dosage Forms
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5.1.
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Liquid Dosage Forms
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80
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5.1.1.
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Definition
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80
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5.1.2.
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Advantages of Liquid Dosage Forms
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80
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5.1.3.
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Disadvantages of Liquid Dosage Forms
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80
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5.1.4.
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Classification of Liquid Dosage Forms
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81
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5.2.
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Excipients Used in Formulation of Liquid Dosage Forms
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81
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5.2.1.
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Vehicles
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81
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5.2.2.
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Stabilisers
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82
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5.2.3.
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Preservatives
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83
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5.2.4.
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Suspending Agents
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83
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5.2.5.
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Emulsifying Agents
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84
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5.2.6.
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Solubilisers
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84
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5.2.7.
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Colours
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84
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5.2.8.
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Flavours
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85
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5.2.9.
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Sweeteners
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86
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5.2.10.
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Co-solvents
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86
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5.2.11.
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Buffers
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86
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5.2.12.
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Viscosity Enhancers
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86
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5.2.13.
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Surfactants
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86
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5.3.
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Solubility Enhancement Techniques
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87
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5.3.1.
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Physical Modifications
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88
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5.3.2.
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Chemical Modifications
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92
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5.3.3.
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Other Methods
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92
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5.4.
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Exercise
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94
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Unit 3
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Chapter 6: Monophasic Liquids
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6.1.
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Gargles
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97
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6.1.1.
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Definition
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97
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6.1.2.
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Preparation of Gargles
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97
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6.1.3.
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Examples of Gargles
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97
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6.2.
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Mouthwashes
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98
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6.2.1.
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Definition
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98
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6.2.2.
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Preparation of Mouthwashes
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98
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6.2.3.
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Examples of Mouthwashes
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98
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6.2.4.
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Difference between Mouthwashes and Gargles
|
99
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6.3.
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Throat Paints
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100
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6.3.1.
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Definition
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100
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6.3.2.
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Preparation of Throat Paints
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100
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6.3.3.
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Examples of Throat Paints
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100
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6.4.
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Ear Drops
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101
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6.4.1.
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Definition
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101
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6.4.2.
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Preparation of Ear Drops
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101
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6.4.3.
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Examples of Ear Drops
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101
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6.5.
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Nasal Drops
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102
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6.5.1.
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Definition
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102
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6.5.2.
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Preparation of Nasal Drops
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103
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6.5.3.
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Examples of Nasal Drops
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103
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6.6.
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Enemas
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104
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6.6.1.
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Definition
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104
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6.6.2.
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Types of Enemas
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104
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6.6.3.
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Examples with Preparation of Enemas
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105
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6.7.
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Syrups
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105
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6.7.1.
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Definition
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105
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6.7.2.
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Classification of Syrups
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106
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6.7.3.
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Preparation of Syrups
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106
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6.7.4.
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Examples of Syrups
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107
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6.7.5.
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Difference between Syrup IP and USP
|
108
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6.8.
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Elixirs
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108
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6.8.1.
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Definition
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108
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6.8.2.
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Classification of Elixirs
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108
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6.8.3.
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Preparation of Elixirs
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108
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6.8.4.
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Examples of Elixirs
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109
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6.8.5.
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Difference Between Syrups and Elixirs
|
110
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6.9.
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Liniments
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110
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6.9.1.
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Definition
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110
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6.9.2.
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Classification of Liniments
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111
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6.9.3.
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Preparation of Liniments
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111
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6.9.4.
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Examples of Liniments
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111
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6.10.
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Lotions
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112
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6.10.1.
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Definition
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112
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6.10.2.
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Preparation of Lotions
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112
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6.10.3.
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Examples of Lotions
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112
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6.10.4.
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Difference between Lotions and Liniments
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113
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6.11.
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Exercise
|
114
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Chapter 7: Biphasic Liquids
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7.1.
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Suspensions
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117
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7.1.1.
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Definition
|
117
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7.1.2.
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Ideal Properties of Suspensions
|
117
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7.1.3.
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Advantages of Suspensions
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118
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7.1.4.
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Disadvantages of Suspensions
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118
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7.1.5.
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Classification of Suspensions
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118
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7.1.6.
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Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions
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119
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7.1.7.
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Suspending Agents
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121
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7.1.8.
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Preparation of Suspensions
|
122
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7.1.9.
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Evaluation of Suspensions
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123
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7.1.10.
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Stability Problems in Suspensions and Methods to Overcome
|
125
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7.2.
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Emulsions
|
127
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|
7.2.1.
|
Definition
|
127
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|
7.2.2.
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Advantages of Emulsions
|
128
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7.2.3.
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Disadvantages of Emulsions
|
128
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7.2.4.
|
Classification of Emulsions
|
128
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7.2.5.
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Emulsifying Agents
|
129
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7.2.6.
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Preparation of Emulsions
|
131
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|
7.2.7.
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Identification Tests of Emulsions
|
133
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7.2.8.
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Evaluation of Emulsions
|
133
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7.2.9.
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Stability Problems in Emulsions and Methods to Overcome
|
134
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7.2.10.
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Differences Between Suspension and Emulsion
|
137
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7.3.
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Exercise
|
138
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Unit 4
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Chapter 8: Suppositories
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8.1.
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Suppositories
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141
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8.1.1.
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Definition
|
141
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8.1.2.
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Types of Suppositories
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141
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8.1.3.
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Advantages of Suppositories
|
142
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8.1.4.
|
Disadvantages of Suppositories
|
143
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|
8.2.
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Excipients Used in Suppositories
|
143
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|
8.2.1.
|
Types of Suppository Bases
|
144
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8.2.2.
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Oleaginous/Fatty Bases
|
144
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8.2.3.
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Aqueous/Water Soluble/Water Miscible Bases
|
145
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8.2.4.
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Emulsifying Bases
|
146
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8.3.
|
Methods of Preparation of Suppositories
|
147
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8.3.1.
|
Hand Rolling and Moulding
|
147
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8.3.2.
|
Compression Moulding
|
147
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8.3.3.
|
Fusion Moulding
|
148
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8.4.
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Displacement Value and its Calculations
|
150
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8.5.
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Evaluation of Suppositories
|
151
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|
8.6.
|
Exercise
|
153
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Chapter 9: Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities
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9.1.
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Pharmaceutical Incompatibility
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155
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9.1.1.
|
Definition
|
155
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9.1.2.
|
Classification of Incompatibilities
|
155
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9.1.3.
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Physical Incompatibility
|
155
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9.1.4.
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Chemical Incompatibility
|
158
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9.1.5.
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Therapeutic Incompatibility
|
162
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9.2.
|
Exercise
|
163
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Unit 5
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Chapter 10: Semisolid Dosage Forms
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|
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10.1.
|
Introduction to Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
166
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10.1.1.
|
Definition
|
166
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|
10.1.2.
|
Classification of Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
166
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10.1.3.
|
Advantages of Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
166
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10.1.4.
|
Disadvantages of Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
167
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|
10.1.5.
|
Excipients used in Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
167
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|
10.1.6.
|
Preparation of Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
169
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|
10.1.7.
|
Evaluation of Semisolid Dosage Forms
|
170
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|
10.2.
|
Dermal Penetration of Drugs
|
171
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|
10.2.1.
|
Mechanisms of Dermal Penetration of Drugs
|
171
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|
10.2.2.
|
Factors Influencing Dermal Penetration of Drugs
|
172
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|
10.3.
|
Ointments
|
174
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|
10.3.1.
|
Classification of Ointments
|
175
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|
10.3.2.
|
Ointment Bases
|
175
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|
10.3.3.
|
Preparation of Ointments
|
177
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|
10.3.4.
|
Examples of Ointments
|
178
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|
10.4.
|
Pastes
|
178
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|
10.4.1.
|
Paste Bases
|
178
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|
10.4.2.
|
Preparation of Pastes
|
179
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|
10.4.3.
|
Examples of Pastes
|
180
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|
10.4.4.
|
Difference between Ointments and Pastes
|
181
|
|
10.5.
|
Creams
|
181
|
|
10.5.1.
|
Classification of Creams
|
182
|
|
10.5.2.
|
Preparation of Creams
|
182
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|
10.5.3.
|
Examples of Creams
|
182
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|
10.5.4.
|
Difference between Creams and Ointments
|
184
|
|
10.6.
|
Gels
|
184
|
|
10.6.1.
|
Classification of Gels
|
185
|
|
10.6.2.
|
Preparation of Gels
|
186
|
|
10.6.3.
|
Examples of Gels
|
187
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|
10.7.
|
Exercise
|
187
|
